↑ Lehmiller JJ (2017). The Psychology of Human Sexuality. John Wiley & Sons. tr. 402. ISBN978-1119164708. Masturbation refers to all solo forms of self-stimulation focusing on the genitals. Masturbation practices vary widely depending upon the individual's body and personal preferences. For instance, masturbation among women may involve manipulation of the clitoris and labia, stimulation of the breasts, or vaginal penetration with a sex toy. [...] Among men, masturbation most frequently involves using one or both hands to stimulate the penis. Of course, men sometimes utilize sex toys too (e.g., masturbation sleeves, butt-plugs, etc.).
↑ Nadal KL (2017). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender. SAGE. tr. 1123. ISBN978-1483384276. Masturbation is the act of touching or otherwise stimulating one's own body, particularly one's genitals, for the purpose of sexual pleasure and/or orgasm. The term is most commonly used to describe solitary masturbation, in which people provide themselves with sexual stimulation while they are physically alone. Mutual masturbation is when two or more people manually stimulate their own body or each other's bodies.
↑ Based on "masturbation" in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003
↑ Coleman, Eli (2012) [2002]. Bockting, Walter O.; Coleman, Eli, biên tập. Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health (PDF). New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. tr. 7. ISBN978-0-7890-2047-5. OCLC50913590. Despite the scientific evidence indicating that masturbation is generally a normal variant of sexual expression and that it does not seem to have a causal relationship with sexual pathology, negative attitudes about masturbation persist and it remains stigmatized.
↑ Messer, Drew C.; Walker, C. Eugene (6 tháng 12 năm 2012). “Masturbation”. Trong Ollendick, Thomas H.; Schroeder, Carolyn S. Encyclopedia of Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 359. ISBN978-1-4615-0107-7. OCLC913623298. Note: Messer's and Walker's article cannot be protected by copyright.
↑ Hallikeri, Vinay R.; Gouda, Hareesh S.; Aramani, Sunil C.; Vijaykumar, A.G.; Ajaykumar, T.S. (July–December 2010). “MASTURBATION—AN OVERVIEW”. Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 27 (2): 46–49. ISSN0971-1929. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 21 tháng 8 năm 2016. Today, masturbatory act is considered as a healthy practice when done in private and an offence if done in the public in most of the countries.
↑ Shuman, Tracy (tháng 2 năm 2006). “Your Guide to Masturbation”. WebMD, Inc./The Cleveland Clinic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 7 năm 2006.
↑ Knowles, Jon (tháng 11 năm 2002). “Masturbation — From Stigma to Sexual Health” (PDF). Katharine Dexter McCormick Library/Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 7 năm 2006.
